The Wilmot Proviso And The Civil War - 1614 Words

The Wilmot Proviso After the Mexican War had ended, a Democratic congressman from PA, David Wilmot, gave a provocative speech to the House that endorsed the annexation of Texas as a slave state on August 8 of 1846. Because Mexico now forbade slavery, Wilmot declared that if any new territory were to be acquired from Mexico, there should be no slavery or involuntary servitude there. His Proviso sparked new political conflict and debate over the extension of slavery and tested the Missouri Compromise that had protected both slave states and free states and not permitting it in newly admitted states. With newly acquired territory from the Mexican War, the national debate continued and in 1846, the House of Representatives passed the Wilmot Proviso but it did not pass through the Senate. President Polk decided that the debate over slavery had nothing to do with the war in Mexico and dismissed the proviso as mischievous and foolish†. Furthermore, the president convinced Wilmot to withhold his amendmen t from any bill in relation with the annexation of Mexican territories. Although his proviso did not pass, his idea kept appearing in Congress years after. People who opposed his Proviso wrote a thesis to counter the proviso such as John C. Calhoun. Calhoun declared that slavery should be allowed in the Mexican territory because per the Fifth Amendment, people were granted life, liberty and property; slaves were property. Thus the topic of slavery played a prominent role in dividingShow MoreRelatedWilmot Proviso1205 Words   |  5 PagesWilmot Proviso It could be said that the American Civil War was brought on by Americans need to expand its territories and the one sided Mexican War. The whole debate or controversy over this expansion was David Wilmot’s (and his squad of backers: Hamlin, Brinkerhoff, and King) trying to implement the Wilmot Proviso into the funding for the Mexican territories we acquired. The proviso actually fueled the debate over slavery into the newly acquired territories by trying to make the territoriesRead MoreDebate on Civil War1069 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican Historians’ Debate on the Civil War The American Civil War has without a doubt left a permanent divide on this great nation’s past and present. American historians still debate the causes of a war that began in 1861 between the Union states and Confederacy states. The war can be seen as caused by the principle of slavery, the growing tension between northern and southern ideology or due to a crack in the political system of the time. United States’ history classes focus on teaching studentsRead MoreThe Fate Of Their Country : Politicians, Slavery Extensions, And The Coming Of Civil War1344 Words   |  6 PagesThe author of â€Å"The fate of their Country: Politicians, Slavery Extensions, and the coming of Civil War†, Michael F. Holt has several very good points about the reasons why the Civil War happened. Now I am going to explain why he thinks that slavery is the main issue of the conflict between the North and South. Why did Texas have such a pivotal role in the struggle between states? Why wa s the Wilmot Proviso politically dangerous? What occurred in Kansas and why did things go do wrong? And what is theRead MoreIncreased Sectional Tension between the Notrht and the South1008 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Wilmot Proviso of 1846, the publication of Uncle Tom’s Cabin in 1852, and the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854, the sectional tension was continually intensified. Despite the fact that the Wilmot Proviso failed in the Senate, it politicized the issue of slavery in the territories. Since the United States gained a large amount of land as a result of the victory over Mexico, the westward expansion of slavery became a major concern. Hoping to settle this problem once and for all, David Wilmot fromRead MoreCivil War Began in 1787?886 Words   |  4 PagesCivil war began in 1787? Though the Civil War itself did not begin in 1787, many events from that point lead up to it. Such events like the creation of the â€Å"Northwest Ordinance of 1787†. The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 was a system of government for the territory North of Ohio. In these territories slavery would be prohibited. While in the south cotton was becoming very profitable after the invention of the cotton gin in 1793. The southern economy depended solely on cotton production. TheyRead MoreThe United States And The Civil War860 Words   |  4 PagesRepublic of Texas was annexed and shortly after a war broke out between the States and Mexico. After Americans settled in Texas under the Mexican government, rebelled and formed their own republic, the Mexican war started when the territory disputes led a group of Mexican forces to attack American soldiers in the disputed area. The war stretched over two years showcasing the work of upcoming military leaders, such as â€Å"Stonewall† Jackson. After the war , the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo settled the currentRead MoreSectionalism (1840-1861)1242 Words   |  5 Pagesof the Mexican War during Polk’s term as president, many new lands west of Texas were yielded to the United States, and the debate over the westward expansion of slavery was rekindled. Southern politicians and slave owners demanded that slavery be allowed in the West because they feared that a closed door would spell doom for their economy and way of life. Whig Northerners, however, believed that slavery should be banned from the new territories. Pennsylvanian congressman David Wilmot proposed such Read MoreManifest Destiny Essay Outline1251 Words   |  6 PagesWashington regarding the westward expansion of the new nation and the laws by which it should govern itself, as well as the conflicts on the ground regarding those very same issues, set America on the path that could lead to only one destination; the Civil War. The idea of Manifest Destiny arose in the 1900’s and it was the belief that God wanted the people of America to move westward and bring the land into America. The Manifest Destiny reflected the growing pride of American Nationalism and the idealisticRead MoreThe Slavery Of The North And South949 Words   |  4 Pages No one issue can be claimed as the dominate issue that produced The Civil War. The war was caused by many disputes such as sectionalism, expansion of slavery, and abolitionist. Although there were many issues some were consider to be much more influential than the others. These include sectionalism and the expansion of slavery. The North and South could not seem to stop arguing over the expansion of slavery to the west as well as their many differences in other areas. The southern economy beingRead MoreThe Effects Of Slavery On The United States1390 Words   |  6 Pagesamassed, outrage and emphasis for the morality of slavery caused outbreaks of rebellions and violence. Tolerance for slavery was not the only singular cause of the Civil War. Profusions of both short and long term causes contributed to the outbreak of the Civil War. The introduction of slavery had an ingrained impact, as the Mexican-American War significantly lead to tension, and Lincoln’s election sparked disunion between the nation. Four centuries ago from 1619 to 1861, the practice of slavery existed

Problems Associated With Alcohol Addiction Essay - 2385 Words

Dave (39) and Liz (33) have decided to seek social work services due to problems Liz is battling with alcohol addiction and the negative impacts this is having on their home life. Dave and Liz have been married for three years and live in a home with Dave’s three children from his previous marriage (Jenna 18; Joshua, 15; Jerome, 8). Prior to meeting Dave, Liz had problems with drugs and alcohol but was sober for five years before relapsing six months ago. Dave likes to have a few beers on the weekends and smokes marijuana occasionally when his children are not home. The children’s biological mother was killed in a car accident six years ago and Dave has little social support from other family members. Liz has never been married before nor does she have any children of her own. Liz has had problems with drugs and alcohol in the past but she went through treatment five years ago and successfully stayed clean up until she relapsed six months ago. Liz began working at a res taurant several weeks before her relapse. There are a few servers at the restaurant who would stay after closing to hang out and drink alcohol. Wanting to fit in and make friends with her co-workers, Liz decided to stick around and join them one evening after her shift. Liz believed that because she had been clean for 5 years at the time, she would have no problem having a few alcoholic drinks. When she came home that night, Dave was concerned with her behavior because he was aware of her problemShow MoreRelatedAlcohol Addiction Causes, Treatment And Tips Essay811 Words   |  4 PagesAlcohol Addiction Causes, Treatment and Tips By Lourdes Amil | Submitted On January 11, 2011 Recommend Article Article Comments Print Article Share this article on Facebook Share this article on Twitter Share this article on Google+ Share this article on Linkedin Share this article on StumbleUpon Share this article on Delicious Share this article on Digg Share this article on Reddit Share this article on Pinterest Expert Author Lourdes Amil There are many methods to take steps to correctingRead MoreThe Disastrous Effects Of Parental Drug Addiction On Children1478 Words   |  6 PagesThe Disastrous Impact of Parental Drug Addiction on Children Drug addiction is a serious issue in not only America today, but globally. According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse, substance addiction is a â€Å"chronic, relapsing brain disease that is characterized by compulsive drug seeking and use, despite the harmful consequences† (â€Å"What is drug addiction?†). Drug abuse affects not only the user, but those around the user as well. The actions of a drug user place a significant amount of worryRead MoreEssay on The Concept of Dual Addiction1232 Words   |  5 PagesThe Concept of Dual Addiction This research paper will focus on the concept of dual addiction specifically, that of alcohol addiction and simultaneous nicotine addiction. I should make note at this point of my personal interest in the addictive process is a result of the existence of addiction in my family. I have experienced and observed the chaos, hardships and tragedies in my family as a result of the progressive nature of the addiction process. First, I would like to provide a general definitionRead MoreThe Drug Of Alcohol Addiction898 Words   |  4 Pagesbad. America has drugs to make you feel better or to forget how sad you are. Alcohol, being the most popular of the drug list, is the most abused drug in the world. I have chosen alcohol because alcohol addiction has been dealt in my family and I know a little about this substance. It has been said that it is three to four times higher to know someone with an alcohol addiction to be one of your close relatives. Alcohol is a drug used for everything, which makes it a very common. It is used by manyRead MoreThe Ethical Problems of Gambling Essay example883 Words   |  4 Pagesthat harm can spread to your friends and family. Gambling can pose problems by inflicting mental and financial harm on a person endowed with the constant need to gamble. There is another way that gambling can effect a person in a negative manner and it includes the physical harm gambling can cause. Gambling is often associated with alcohol consumption especially alcohol consumption that is excessive in nature. Gambling is also associated with smoking. Smoking cigarettes have been proven over time toRead MoreEssay on Alcohol vs Marijuana1537 Words   |  7 PagesAlcohol vs Marijuana There is no culture in the history of mankind that did not ever use some kind (kinds) of drugs. Despite the well-known consequences of drug addiction, millions of people constantly consume different legal and illegal drugs. Affecting peoples mind and changing their behavior, drugs become one of the most threatening factors of social risk, resulting in increasing rates of mortality, aggressive and criminal behavior, and dissolution of social ties. This paper is devoted toRead MoreThe Pathophysiology Of Alcohol Abuse And Addiction1104 Words   |  5 PagesAlcohol is consumed around the world for numerous reasons. Alcohol Use Disorder is a problematic pattern of alcohol use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress (APA, 2013). In this paper, I will discuss the pathophysiology of alcohol abuse and addiction as well as the effect on human behavior and the contribution to clinical psychology. Alcohol can affect the nervous system from the immediate experience which is linked to behavioral changes. Initial alcohol consumption can impairRead MoreDrug Addiction- Physical vs. Psychological1334 Words   |  6 PagesDrug Policy 28 April 2011 Drug Addiction—Physical vs. Psychological   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Research shows that an individual progresses from using drugs/substances, to being addicted to a drug/substance. This relationship with drugs (either legal or illegal) is complex because specific patterns of progression vary greatly from person to person. The causes of drug/substance use seem to be mainly due to external/social influences, for example peer pressure and abuse/addiction—dependence is essentially the resultRead MoreAddiction - Treatments And Failings Of Said Treatments Essay1041 Words   |  5 PagesAddiction – Treatments and Failings of said Treatments. In order to discuss the treatments for addiction and the failings thereof, we need to start by defining what addiction is. Once we’ve done so then we will discuss the different treatments available. Only after all this will we discuss the failings of the programs. While a major part of this paper is based on the cited works, some part of it is based on personal experience. I have struggled with addiction in the past, thankfully I’ve been cleanRead MoreUnderstanding Addiction1317 Words   |  6 Pages Understanding Addiction Limestone College Abstract As early as 1939 with the publication of the first edition of the Big Book of Alcoholics Anonymous the medical community was aware that addiction was more than a moral shortcoming. In the first addition of the book in the chapter The Doctor’s Opinion, Dr. William Silkworth (1939) wrote the following, â€Å"We believe, and so suggested a few years ago, that the action of alcohol on these chronic alcoholics is a manifestation of an allergy; that

Modernists Free Essays

Literature has evolved time and time again as individuals and societies experiment and explore different themes and techniques in writing.   Modernism is a particular literary movement that follows the Romantic and Victorian eras of poetry.   While its definition composes many different elements, such as the rise of pessimistic thought caused by postwar disillusionment, and the rise in appeal of the imagist movement. We will write a custom essay sample on Modernists or any similar topic only for you Order Now Davis and Jenkins cite Peter Brooks who claims that readers have to acknowledge a â€Å"plurality of modernisms which sought to innovate on different artistic and cultural fronts† (3) while continuing to argue that â€Å"modernism is an unfinished project† (4).   Lee and Jenkins also argue that modernism is a function more of place than time Three poets forged the way for this movement in English poetry:   William Butler Yeats, T.S. Eliot, and Dylan Thomas.   As evidenced by these poets, modernist poetry is a mixture of many diverse elements, including pessimistic themes, disjointed time and recurring symbolic images whose understanding may depend more upon psychology than the intrinsic beauty of nature. William Butler Yeats is the oldest of these three, but not the first to write in the modern style.   As he began experiencing with the poetic transitions, he came to be known as a realist-symbolist who revealed meaning through symbol.   T.S. Eliot is often credited as one of the poets that began the movement, along with Ezra Pound, and is known also for his symbols and haunting poetic images. Dylan Thomas is also known for his highly ordered images which represented the cycling of life for humankind.  Ã‚   All three presented themes that would have turned the poets of earlier eras, known for complimentary elegies, harmonious pastorals, and carefully ordered time, to drink. Eliot’s poem, â€Å"The Waste Land,† considered by most literary reviewers as the quintessential modernist poem, offers a spiritual yet disconnected view of society which mirrored the wasteland produced the spiritual disillusionment felt during the 1920s and the physical hardships associated with the Depression, the rise of Hitler and the threat of another war (Abrams 2137).   Eliot’s poems probe into the psyche of man that could live during any time period.   They leave behind the romantic and the beautiful to deal with the obscure and the dark aspects of humanity. The first four lines of â€Å"Waste Land,† illuminate the ideas of precise images and theme.   The suggestion that â€Å"April is the cruelest month† (â€Å"The Waste Land† ln. 1) runs counter to the idea that spring is a time of renewal and rebirth.   The image of lilacs growing from the arid land and of roots withering from the lack of rain support the initial assertion of the first line.   Throughout this lengthy poem, Eliot twists images from what the reader expects to see into something unexpected and thought-provoking. Likewise, in Yeats’ â€Å"Leda and the Swan,†Ã‚   past history would suggest that this poem might be in praise of a Greek deity, when it actually, through its images, seems to be chronicling a rape.   The first four lines suggest this image rather clearly: A sudden blow: the great wings beating still Above the staggering girl, her thighs caressed By his dark webs, her nape caught in his bill, He holds her helpless breast upon his breast† (lns. 1-4). Similarly, Thomas’ images of a misshapen man in the park are juxtaposed with images of animals.   He â€Å"slept at night in a dog kennel†(ln.11) and was â€Å"eating bread from a newspaper† (ln. 7). None of these images are veiled in the rosy light of Romanticism and present rather sad, violent and pessimistic images of society. In contrast with the chronological narratives of Romantic and Victorian poetry, these poets’ works are essentially nonlinear.   The words are broken and fragmented, and only at the end do these seemingly unrelated bits come together, if at all.   Time and structure in these poems are fragmented.   F.R. Leavis in â€Å"T.S. Eliot’s Later Poetry† discusses this concept of fragmented time in depth as necessary to presenting the realism sought after by these poets. â€Å"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock† clearly reveals this disjointed and chaotic journey through the mind of an everyman.   The poems shifts time periods and locations several times, but remain an imagistic representation of England with its nightlife, discussions of Renaissance art, and references to Shakespeare’s Hamlet. The action takes place entirely within the head of the speaker, who is deliberating about attending a social function.   He ponders as his brain wonders chaotically from one topic to the next. ).   In line 69, the speaker becomes aware of his own ramblings and muses, â€Å"And how should I begin?†Ã‚   Later, he queries, almost nonsensically, as if he, himself, has become the embodiment of the chaos of swiftly moving time: â€Å"I grow old†¦I grow old†¦Ã‚  I shall wear the bottoms of my trousers rolled† (lns. 120-121).   Ã‚  This fragmentation of time seems to lead, as it does in â€Å"The Waste Land† to disastrous results as evidenced by the last line of the poem – â€Å"and we drown† (ln. 130).   The disjointedness of time and thought seems to be representative of a confused state of mind, both in individuals and in society.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Waste Land† begins in arid desolation, both physically and spiritually for its inhabitants.   In the first stanza of Part I, the chronology moves swiftly from the present reflection of the speaker to a childhood memory, back to the reflection, and then to another incident a year in the past.   This style is much like that of an interior monologue, in which the thoughts of the speaker are presented just as they flow, without any organization, to help the reader understand.   Yeats presents a similar confusion in â€Å"The Second Coming.†Ã‚   This poem projects to the return of a god figure, but not with rejoicing.   The society is described by the first four lines as fragmented and chaotic: Turning and turning in the widening gyre The falcon cannot hear the falconer; Things fall apart; the centre cannot hold; Mere anarchy is loosed upon the world† (lns. 1-4). Again, the vision of fragmentation is created by the images presented in the first four lines of this poem. A common theme among the modernist poets is that of the individual alienated from his society, a society that is generally as fragmented and dysfunctional as time.   The grandeur to which Prufrock ascribes his place in the world, as exhibited by â€Å"Dare I dare/Disturb the universe?† (lns. 45-46). Prufrock, with all of his insecurities, ineptitude and physical shortcomings, and the masses of individuals he represents, will never be able to actually disturb the inner machinations of the universe.   Similarly, â€Å"The Waste Land† offers no heroic figure for the readers to identify; the speaker can be anyone, but his demise is certain to occur and certain to happen alone. Likewise, all three of these poems seem to be fascinated with death, not as the ultimate redemption as presented by earlier poets, but as a frightening, even horrible, reality that should be challenged.   Eliot’s â€Å"Love Song† ends with the figurative death of not only Prufrock but of society as a whole.   â€Å"The Waste Land† describes a society that is in a state of apocalypse.   Yeat’s poem, â€Å"The Second Coming† describes, as discussed above, a disjointed society that fear the return of a savior, the new deity: That twenty centuries of stony sleep Were vexed to nightmare by a rocking cradle, And what rough beast, its hour come round at last,  Slouches towards Bethlehem  to be born?† (lns. 18-22). This example parallels Eliot’s â€Å"Journey of the Magi† which adopts the persona of the Biblical magi who describe their journey as not joyful, but full of hardship.   They question their dedication to the birth and actually equate it with death, seemingly contradicting the traditional Christmas story:     Ã‚  The lines  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬ ¦this Birth was  Hard and bitter agony for us, like Death, our death.  We returned to our places, these Kingdoms,  But no longer at ease here, in the old dispensation,  With an alien people clutching their gods. I  should be glad of another death (lns. 38-43). Reveal this questioning that has resulted from the disillusionment and doubt with the classical views of religionl Thomas actually suggests battling with death almost physically in his poem â€Å"Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night.†Ã‚   He continually exhorts those near death to â€Å"Rage, Rage against the dying of the light† in the last line of each stanza.   Instead of accepting death as a reward for a Christian life, these poets present death as a time of fear and uncertainty which could be representative of a spiritual disillusionment. Even theological elements of Christianity and life-after-death are no longer held sacred by the modern poets. While modernism, at least as Yeats, Eliot, and Thomas present it, may be a reflection of many different eras of poetry, it deviates in its themes, symbols and chaotic presentation of time.  Ã‚  Ã‚   The pessimistic themes and perplexing images they create are reflective of the societal and spiritual disillusionment prevalent in this postwar era.   These poets are icons of modernist thought and poetry.   Their complex works reject the focus on beauty and narration that other genres utilize and paint a picture of mankind and society as a spiritually arid and ghastly. Works Cited Abrams, M.H. Ed. The Norton Anthology of English Literature:   The Major Authors.   6th Ed. New York:   Norton, 1996 Eliot, T.S. â€Å"The Journey of the Magi† —.   â€Å"The Love Song of   J. Alfred Prufrock† —.   â€Å"The Waste Land† Jenkins, Lee M. and Alex Davis.   Locations of Literary Modernism: Region and Nation in British and American Modernist Poetry. Cambridge, UK:   Cambridge University Press, 2000.   Leavis, F.R. â€Å"T.S. Eliot’s Later Poetry.†Ã‚   T.S. Eliot:   A Collection of Critical Essays. Hugh Kenner, Ed.   New Jersey:   Prentice Hall, 1962. Thomas, D. â€Å"Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night† — â€Å"The Hunchback in the Park† Yeats, W.B. â€Å"The Second Coming† —. â€Å"Leda and the Swan† How to cite Modernists, Essay examples

Analysis of the Case Oticon Using the Brain Metaphor Essay Sample free essay sample

1. IntroductionThe inexplicit images or metaphors of organisations and direction have been discussed by Gareth Morgan in his book â€Å"Images of Organizations† ( Morgan. 1997 ) . Morgan exposed eight metaphorical images of organisations including machine. being. encephalon. civilization. political system. psychic prison. flux and transmutation. and instrument of domination. Each one of these metaphors creates insight. but besides obscures some corners. They have both pros and cons. They enable seeing. but besides non seeing. No 1 of them is said to be right and right. 2. BackgroundOticon is a Danish company. located in Copenhagen. They used to be one of the best in market for planetary hearing assistance industry. The development and promotion of the other rivals. such as Siemens Audiologische Technik and Starkey. set Oticon in a critical slippery place in the market. particularly the planetary 1. where Oticon export the bulk of its merchandises to. To rectify the state of affairs. the board brought in Lars Kolind. who had great history of science-oriented solutions despite his youngness ( 30 old ages old ) . Kolind analyzed the strengths and failings of Oticon and compared it with the rivals. He found out that no strengths Oticon had to vie with. On the other manus. Kolind found out that the rigidness. inflexibleness and low reactivity the rivals had could be a killing drawback in comparing with Oticon. Therefore. he decided to put a new program to turn the organisation into larning antiphonal organisation. He sought bettering this advantage to capture larger market portion. particularly globally. and derive higher net income borders. In this study. the instance is analyzed utilizing the encephalon metaphor. In other words. it discusses what we could see and reflect when projecting the plane Kolind set and applied on the other rules and attacks of the encephalon metaphor. 3. TheoryBrain metaphor organisation works with the same logic as the encephalon of human being. The top direction in organisations plays the function of encephalon for doing determinations. There are three theories of the encephalon metaphor including information processing systems. cybernetics. and manuscript. The first theory describes organisations as information systems. communicating systems. and determinations doing systems. This this theory is known as â€Å"decision doing approach† ( March A ; Simon. 1958 ) . Cybernetics is relevant to analyze of systems. Cybernetics stresses four key rules. Systems must hold the capacity to sense. proctor and scan important facets of their environment. They must be able to associate this information to the operating norms that guide system behaviour. They must be able to observe important divergences from these norms. Finally. they must be able to originate disciplinary actions when disagreements ( Wiener. 1967 ) . Another theory co nsidered in this study is remembering the image of organisations as holographic encephalons. The metaphor of a hologram invokes systems where qualities of the whole are built into all the parts so that the system has an ability to self-organize and renew itself on uninterrupted footing ( Bentov. 1977 ) . This theory compasses five major rules. ( Morgan A ; Ramirez. 1984 ) . The first rule represents the indispensable 1. which constructing the whole in all the parts is its chief concern. Harmonizing to the rule. concentrating on four key patterns. including corporate civilization. information system. construction and functions. facilitates integrating it. The 2nd rule remainders in the importance of redundancy. particularly in information system and maps ( Emery. 1969. 1976 ) . The 3rd rule could be seen as auxiliary to redundancy. It compasses needed assortment. since the world of environmental challenges imposes puting complexnesss someplace within the organisation to last ( Ashby. 1952. 1960 ) . Minimizing eyeglasses is the 4th rule. where squads are encouraged to acquire free of designs and managerial manuals and bring forth their ain signifiers ( Herbst. 1974 ) . The last considered rule remainders in larning to larn. which involves doubleloop larning manner and scan of environmental alteration ( Argyris A ; Schon. 1978 ) . The five rules could pull concrete guidelines of how to turn into holographic organisation. 4. Analysis4. 1. Oticon as Information Processing Brains ( Decision Making Theory ) As Oticon experienced serious fiscal state of affairs. Kolind reaction was speedy. First. after carry oning a thorough survey of Oticon. Kolind found out many concerns in the organisation construction. There was besides a high degree of non-value adding activities. where R A ; D applied scientists used merely one one-fourth of their clip making existent work. while blowing the other 75 % in something else. Theoretically. the company has integrated merchandise development section. while Kolind realized that they are non integrated at all. To work out this job. based on â€Å"decision doing approach† . Kolind introduced a new manner of believing about the map of organisations. This theory is built on the thought that organisations can neer be absolutely rational. because its members have limited information processing abilities. That was represented by the frequent holds of merchandise development. Undertaking E36 is relevant illustration since it took a decennary without accomplishing promising consequences. The chief ground is that each member from different section. involved in such undertakings. relied on other members for determination devising. To work out this job. Kolind thought that nil could decide this but blowing the company’s construction up and reconstruct it once more with new rules. It rests in acquiring all employees involved in more than one map at the clip. For illustration. beside applied scientists responsibilities in the research filed. they should make selling every bit good. It is clear that. for Kolind. sections would be an obstruction in the development procedure. Therefore. he turned the construction of the company into undertakings alternatively. 4. 2. Oticon as a Learning Organization ( Cybernetics )Projecting cybernetics rules on the instance. Kolind employed the first rule to detect the surrounding environment. by analysing competitors’ potencies. and seeking to happen their strengths and failings. He found out that no strengths Oticon had to vie with. On the other manus. Kolind found out that the rigidness. inflexibleness and low reactivity the rivals had could be a killing drawback in comparing with Oticon. Therefore. he decided to work this advantage by increasing the ability of Oticon to self-organize. develop itself. and adapt outer alterations. Kolind obliged the direction squad to accept the world of the new leading manner bit by bit. When the company lost money in the first three one-fourth due the transmutation. board members brought in Neils Jacobsen. who had a strong fiscal background. to work side-by-side with Kolind for fiscal affairs. That reflects the ability to originate disciplinary actions when dis agreements show up. 4. 3. Oticon as a Holographic OrganizationThe instance reflects some basic facets of holographic organisation that comprises five chief rules. These rules represent besides matching encephalon mechanisms and techniques. The first rule of holographic organisation is constructing the whole in all parts. It is the kernel of holographic organisations. Constructing the whole into all parts could be realized by concentrating on corporate civilization. information system. construction. and functions. The four patterns are projectable on the instance. The corporate civilization harmonizing to the encephalon metaphor should be unfastened and in line with its rules and patterns. That could be opposite to the blue corporate civilization Oticon characterized by before come ining Kolind. The shareholders’ chief concern was recovering Oticon’s place in the marker. but along with continuing its corporate values and civilization. A piece after measuring the existent state of affairs of the company. Kolind found no manner to continue without extremist alterations. The board showed him powerful support for his new proposal. which reflects a gradual alteration in corporate civilization. Kolind would hold neer stepped frontward without such support that kept even the direction off from kicking him. despite their steady reluctance for the new proposal. Furthermore. what could be seen as a important alteration in corporate civilization is the manner Kolind resorted to for financing the new program. He asked the bank to get 17 % of the company. and some of his co-workers to get 3-4 % . He besides offered the employees portions at a good monetary value under standard that they had worked to the company at least one twelvemonth. 20 hours hebdomadally. That reflects a important alteration in corporate civilization from blue manner to public manner. The 2nd pattern is networked intelligence. Kolind conducted computing machine preparations for the employees. He sought minimising usage of paper communicating. and increasing dependence on e-mail and unwritten communicating alternatively. He enhanced employee engagement by offering them their ain computing machines at really lo w monetary values before Christmas. The holographic construction is another relevant concern. It rests in specifying optimal sizes of units or squads in which they afterwards spawn bunchs horizontally alternatively of spread outing vertically. For Oticon. Kolind blew up the departmental construction and reconstruct a new construction. There were 100 undertakings. every undertaking was owned by person on the direction squad. But ownership at that place was like being president of the board. The occupation of undertaking proprietor was to back up and unfastened doors. while the undertaking director ran the show. That reflects the alteration Oticon undertook from compartmentalisation toward a new construction of undertakings. The diverseness of functions assigned to employees is besides a pattern. Kolind gave us a great illustration in how to bring forth such diverseness so that to add advantages without side effects. He suggested spaghetti organisation. where employees are multi-skilled and involved in many different undertakings. executing different functions. That contributed strongly in acquiring free from departmentalization. and improved the flexibleness and learnability of the organisation. Kolind conducted diverse preparations. and reformed the governments of squad direction so that all employees are more free and unfastened to larn and introduce. The 2nd rule of holographic organisation is the redundancy of both information processing and accomplishments. This could be found in the instance implicitly when Kolind asked everybody to happen their tickets on their new desks and computing machines. He asked them to alter their topographic points in instance they do non like them. as there were many extra empty topographic points. Another illustration is when Kolind specified suites with simple equipment for those who need to hold impermanent privateness betweenwhiles. The redundancy of map doctrine was besides built on single profiles. since every employee had been trained to hold a clump of accomplishments that would hold been to the full utilised afterwards. The demand for assortment needed rule is indirect with redundancy. This is really clear in the instance if undert aking E36 is to be focused on. The undertaking had been launched before 1979. It was a BTE. Behind the Ear. expensive to bring forth. but with really powerful advantage. It had been ever looked at as a load. But Kolind found out that this merchandise could be a market victor because of its automatic accommodation characteristic. He gave it much more attending than other undertakings to win the challenge. Furthermore. the board brought in Jacobson to work side-by-side with Kolind when the profitableness endured problems at the beginning. The assortment necessity is hence built on the company every bit needed to react environmental challenges. Minimizing eyeglasses is another holographic rule. Oticon’s new manner of leading reflects a important alteration in the direction function. They monitored the public presentation. but were non straight responsible for it. Therefore. the answerability was horizontally distributed. and project members became much freer for finding their work frames. Generally. the narrative of Oticon reflects the inclination of the company toward larning organisations. The adoptive double-loop acquisition manner allowed the company to accept extremist alteratio ns. such as going a public corporation. Such alterations indicate the sense of doubleloop larning philosophy the company turned to follow. That entire alteration could be presented as patterns. tactics and rules required to turn Oticon into a holographic organisation. 5. CONCLUSIONSOticon had been working as a programmed machine. It has experienced extremist alterations after conveying in Lars Kolind as a CEO. Kolind invoked the theories of the encephalon metaphor to turn Oticon into larning organisation. There are set of rules and attacks associated with the encephalon metaphor. and have been adopted by Oticon to successfully continue toward larning organisation manner. They brought strengths and few restrictions. The strengths remainder in using everybody’s encephalon to face the challenges. The company could place its demands to germinate and larn in comprehensive manner. Kolind identified the demands and pathologies of Oticon. and set the needed schemes and rules to carry through each demand and decide relevant quandary. He has utilized the advantage of new information engineering in behalf of internal communicating. which facilitated smooth flow and accelerated the development and learning procedure. Kolind showed how diffused leading could be more efficient than centralised 1. He undermined the departmental mentality and blueprint-thinking that Oticon used to follow in order that assorted persons and units are able to reflect their work signifiers within unfastened civilizations. On the other manus. the chief concern Kolind experienced is managers’ uninterrupted reluctance to the alteration along the undertaking period. since they would lose much of their control spheres and privileges they enjoyed when the classical ( mechanical ) manner was on. 6. Reference Argyris. C. and Schon. D. A. ( 1996 ) . Organizational Learning II: Theory. Method and Practice. Reading. MA: Addison Wesley. Ashby. W. R. ( 1952 ) . Design for a Brain. New York: John Wiley. Ashby. W. R. ( 1960 ) . An Introduction to Cybernetics. London: Chapman A ; Hall. Bentov. I. ( 1977 ) . Stalking the Wild Pendulum. New York: Dutton. Emery. F. E. ( 1969 ) Systems Thinking. Harmondsworth: Penguin. Emery. F. E. ( 1976 ) . Future We Are In. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff. Herbst. P. G. ( 1974 ) . Socio-technical Design. London: Tavistock. March. J. G. and H. A. Simon. ( 1958 ) . Organizations. New York: John Wiley. Morgan. G. ( 2006 ) . Image of organisation. Schulich School of concern. Toronto. Morgan. G. and Ramirez. R. ( 1984 ) . Action Learning: A Holographic Metaphor for Guiding Social Change. Human Relations. ( 37 ) . p1-28. Wiener. N. ( 1967 ) The human usage of human existences. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.