The Wilmot Proviso And The Civil War - 1614 Words

The Wilmot Proviso After the Mexican War had ended, a Democratic congressman from PA, David Wilmot, gave a provocative speech to the House that endorsed the annexation of Texas as a slave state on August 8 of 1846. Because Mexico now forbade slavery, Wilmot declared that if any new territory were to be acquired from Mexico, there should be no slavery or involuntary servitude there. His Proviso sparked new political conflict and debate over the extension of slavery and tested the Missouri Compromise that had protected both slave states and free states and not permitting it in newly admitted states. With newly acquired territory from the Mexican War, the national debate continued and in 1846, the House of Representatives passed the Wilmot Proviso but it did not pass through the Senate. President Polk decided that the debate over slavery had nothing to do with the war in Mexico and dismissed the proviso as mischievous and foolish†. Furthermore, the president convinced Wilmot to withhold his amendmen t from any bill in relation with the annexation of Mexican territories. Although his proviso did not pass, his idea kept appearing in Congress years after. People who opposed his Proviso wrote a thesis to counter the proviso such as John C. Calhoun. Calhoun declared that slavery should be allowed in the Mexican territory because per the Fifth Amendment, people were granted life, liberty and property; slaves were property. Thus the topic of slavery played a prominent role in dividingShow MoreRelatedWilmot Proviso1205 Words   |  5 PagesWilmot Proviso It could be said that the American Civil War was brought on by Americans need to expand its territories and the one sided Mexican War. The whole debate or controversy over this expansion was David Wilmot’s (and his squad of backers: Hamlin, Brinkerhoff, and King) trying to implement the Wilmot Proviso into the funding for the Mexican territories we acquired. The proviso actually fueled the debate over slavery into the newly acquired territories by trying to make the territoriesRead MoreDebate on Civil War1069 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican Historians’ Debate on the Civil War The American Civil War has without a doubt left a permanent divide on this great nation’s past and present. American historians still debate the causes of a war that began in 1861 between the Union states and Confederacy states. The war can be seen as caused by the principle of slavery, the growing tension between northern and southern ideology or due to a crack in the political system of the time. United States’ history classes focus on teaching studentsRead MoreThe Fate Of Their Country : Politicians, Slavery Extensions, And The Coming Of Civil War1344 Words   |  6 PagesThe author of â€Å"The fate of their Country: Politicians, Slavery Extensions, and the coming of Civil War†, Michael F. Holt has several very good points about the reasons why the Civil War happened. Now I am going to explain why he thinks that slavery is the main issue of the conflict between the North and South. Why did Texas have such a pivotal role in the struggle between states? Why wa s the Wilmot Proviso politically dangerous? What occurred in Kansas and why did things go do wrong? And what is theRead MoreIncreased Sectional Tension between the Notrht and the South1008 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Wilmot Proviso of 1846, the publication of Uncle Tom’s Cabin in 1852, and the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854, the sectional tension was continually intensified. Despite the fact that the Wilmot Proviso failed in the Senate, it politicized the issue of slavery in the territories. Since the United States gained a large amount of land as a result of the victory over Mexico, the westward expansion of slavery became a major concern. Hoping to settle this problem once and for all, David Wilmot fromRead MoreCivil War Began in 1787?886 Words   |  4 PagesCivil war began in 1787? Though the Civil War itself did not begin in 1787, many events from that point lead up to it. Such events like the creation of the â€Å"Northwest Ordinance of 1787†. The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 was a system of government for the territory North of Ohio. In these territories slavery would be prohibited. While in the south cotton was becoming very profitable after the invention of the cotton gin in 1793. The southern economy depended solely on cotton production. TheyRead MoreThe United States And The Civil War860 Words   |  4 PagesRepublic of Texas was annexed and shortly after a war broke out between the States and Mexico. After Americans settled in Texas under the Mexican government, rebelled and formed their own republic, the Mexican war started when the territory disputes led a group of Mexican forces to attack American soldiers in the disputed area. The war stretched over two years showcasing the work of upcoming military leaders, such as â€Å"Stonewall† Jackson. After the war , the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo settled the currentRead MoreSectionalism (1840-1861)1242 Words   |  5 Pagesof the Mexican War during Polk’s term as president, many new lands west of Texas were yielded to the United States, and the debate over the westward expansion of slavery was rekindled. Southern politicians and slave owners demanded that slavery be allowed in the West because they feared that a closed door would spell doom for their economy and way of life. Whig Northerners, however, believed that slavery should be banned from the new territories. Pennsylvanian congressman David Wilmot proposed such Read MoreManifest Destiny Essay Outline1251 Words   |  6 PagesWashington regarding the westward expansion of the new nation and the laws by which it should govern itself, as well as the conflicts on the ground regarding those very same issues, set America on the path that could lead to only one destination; the Civil War. The idea of Manifest Destiny arose in the 1900’s and it was the belief that God wanted the people of America to move westward and bring the land into America. The Manifest Destiny reflected the growing pride of American Nationalism and the idealisticRead MoreThe Slavery Of The North And South949 Words   |  4 Pages No one issue can be claimed as the dominate issue that produced The Civil War. The war was caused by many disputes such as sectionalism, expansion of slavery, and abolitionist. Although there were many issues some were consider to be much more influential than the others. These include sectionalism and the expansion of slavery. The North and South could not seem to stop arguing over the expansion of slavery to the west as well as their many differences in other areas. The southern economy beingRead MoreThe Effects Of Slavery On The United States1390 Words   |  6 Pagesamassed, outrage and emphasis for the morality of slavery caused outbreaks of rebellions and violence. Tolerance for slavery was not the only singular cause of the Civil War. Profusions of both short and long term causes contributed to the outbreak of the Civil War. The introduction of slavery had an ingrained impact, as the Mexican-American War significantly lead to tension, and Lincoln’s election sparked disunion between the nation. Four centuries ago from 1619 to 1861, the practice of slavery existed

Problems Associated With Alcohol Addiction Essay - 2385 Words

Dave (39) and Liz (33) have decided to seek social work services due to problems Liz is battling with alcohol addiction and the negative impacts this is having on their home life. Dave and Liz have been married for three years and live in a home with Dave’s three children from his previous marriage (Jenna 18; Joshua, 15; Jerome, 8). Prior to meeting Dave, Liz had problems with drugs and alcohol but was sober for five years before relapsing six months ago. Dave likes to have a few beers on the weekends and smokes marijuana occasionally when his children are not home. The children’s biological mother was killed in a car accident six years ago and Dave has little social support from other family members. Liz has never been married before nor does she have any children of her own. Liz has had problems with drugs and alcohol in the past but she went through treatment five years ago and successfully stayed clean up until she relapsed six months ago. Liz began working at a res taurant several weeks before her relapse. There are a few servers at the restaurant who would stay after closing to hang out and drink alcohol. Wanting to fit in and make friends with her co-workers, Liz decided to stick around and join them one evening after her shift. Liz believed that because she had been clean for 5 years at the time, she would have no problem having a few alcoholic drinks. When she came home that night, Dave was concerned with her behavior because he was aware of her problemShow MoreRelatedAlcohol Addiction Causes, Treatment And Tips Essay811 Words   |  4 PagesAlcohol Addiction Causes, Treatment and Tips By Lourdes Amil | Submitted On January 11, 2011 Recommend Article Article Comments Print Article Share this article on Facebook Share this article on Twitter Share this article on Google+ Share this article on Linkedin Share this article on StumbleUpon Share this article on Delicious Share this article on Digg Share this article on Reddit Share this article on Pinterest Expert Author Lourdes Amil There are many methods to take steps to correctingRead MoreThe Disastrous Effects Of Parental Drug Addiction On Children1478 Words   |  6 PagesThe Disastrous Impact of Parental Drug Addiction on Children Drug addiction is a serious issue in not only America today, but globally. According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse, substance addiction is a â€Å"chronic, relapsing brain disease that is characterized by compulsive drug seeking and use, despite the harmful consequences† (â€Å"What is drug addiction?†). Drug abuse affects not only the user, but those around the user as well. The actions of a drug user place a significant amount of worryRead MoreEssay on The Concept of Dual Addiction1232 Words   |  5 PagesThe Concept of Dual Addiction This research paper will focus on the concept of dual addiction specifically, that of alcohol addiction and simultaneous nicotine addiction. I should make note at this point of my personal interest in the addictive process is a result of the existence of addiction in my family. I have experienced and observed the chaos, hardships and tragedies in my family as a result of the progressive nature of the addiction process. First, I would like to provide a general definitionRead MoreThe Drug Of Alcohol Addiction898 Words   |  4 Pagesbad. America has drugs to make you feel better or to forget how sad you are. Alcohol, being the most popular of the drug list, is the most abused drug in the world. I have chosen alcohol because alcohol addiction has been dealt in my family and I know a little about this substance. It has been said that it is three to four times higher to know someone with an alcohol addiction to be one of your close relatives. Alcohol is a drug used for everything, which makes it a very common. It is used by manyRead MoreThe Ethical Problems of Gambling Essay example883 Words   |  4 Pagesthat harm can spread to your friends and family. Gambling can pose problems by inflicting mental and financial harm on a person endowed with the constant need to gamble. There is another way that gambling can effect a person in a negative manner and it includes the physical harm gambling can cause. Gambling is often associated with alcohol consumption especially alcohol consumption that is excessive in nature. Gambling is also associated with smoking. Smoking cigarettes have been proven over time toRead MoreEssay on Alcohol vs Marijuana1537 Words   |  7 PagesAlcohol vs Marijuana There is no culture in the history of mankind that did not ever use some kind (kinds) of drugs. Despite the well-known consequences of drug addiction, millions of people constantly consume different legal and illegal drugs. Affecting peoples mind and changing their behavior, drugs become one of the most threatening factors of social risk, resulting in increasing rates of mortality, aggressive and criminal behavior, and dissolution of social ties. This paper is devoted toRead MoreThe Pathophysiology Of Alcohol Abuse And Addiction1104 Words   |  5 PagesAlcohol is consumed around the world for numerous reasons. Alcohol Use Disorder is a problematic pattern of alcohol use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress (APA, 2013). In this paper, I will discuss the pathophysiology of alcohol abuse and addiction as well as the effect on human behavior and the contribution to clinical psychology. Alcohol can affect the nervous system from the immediate experience which is linked to behavioral changes. Initial alcohol consumption can impairRead MoreDrug Addiction- Physical vs. Psychological1334 Words   |  6 PagesDrug Policy 28 April 2011 Drug Addiction—Physical vs. Psychological   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Research shows that an individual progresses from using drugs/substances, to being addicted to a drug/substance. This relationship with drugs (either legal or illegal) is complex because specific patterns of progression vary greatly from person to person. The causes of drug/substance use seem to be mainly due to external/social influences, for example peer pressure and abuse/addiction—dependence is essentially the resultRead MoreAddiction - Treatments And Failings Of Said Treatments Essay1041 Words   |  5 PagesAddiction – Treatments and Failings of said Treatments. In order to discuss the treatments for addiction and the failings thereof, we need to start by defining what addiction is. Once we’ve done so then we will discuss the different treatments available. Only after all this will we discuss the failings of the programs. While a major part of this paper is based on the cited works, some part of it is based on personal experience. I have struggled with addiction in the past, thankfully I’ve been cleanRead MoreUnderstanding Addiction1317 Words   |  6 Pages Understanding Addiction Limestone College Abstract As early as 1939 with the publication of the first edition of the Big Book of Alcoholics Anonymous the medical community was aware that addiction was more than a moral shortcoming. In the first addition of the book in the chapter The Doctor’s Opinion, Dr. William Silkworth (1939) wrote the following, â€Å"We believe, and so suggested a few years ago, that the action of alcohol on these chronic alcoholics is a manifestation of an allergy; that

Modernists Free Essays

Literature has evolved time and time again as individuals and societies experiment and explore different themes and techniques in writing.   Modernism is a particular literary movement that follows the Romantic and Victorian eras of poetry.   While its definition composes many different elements, such as the rise of pessimistic thought caused by postwar disillusionment, and the rise in appeal of the imagist movement. We will write a custom essay sample on Modernists or any similar topic only for you Order Now Davis and Jenkins cite Peter Brooks who claims that readers have to acknowledge a â€Å"plurality of modernisms which sought to innovate on different artistic and cultural fronts† (3) while continuing to argue that â€Å"modernism is an unfinished project† (4).   Lee and Jenkins also argue that modernism is a function more of place than time Three poets forged the way for this movement in English poetry:   William Butler Yeats, T.S. Eliot, and Dylan Thomas.   As evidenced by these poets, modernist poetry is a mixture of many diverse elements, including pessimistic themes, disjointed time and recurring symbolic images whose understanding may depend more upon psychology than the intrinsic beauty of nature. William Butler Yeats is the oldest of these three, but not the first to write in the modern style.   As he began experiencing with the poetic transitions, he came to be known as a realist-symbolist who revealed meaning through symbol.   T.S. Eliot is often credited as one of the poets that began the movement, along with Ezra Pound, and is known also for his symbols and haunting poetic images. Dylan Thomas is also known for his highly ordered images which represented the cycling of life for humankind.  Ã‚   All three presented themes that would have turned the poets of earlier eras, known for complimentary elegies, harmonious pastorals, and carefully ordered time, to drink. Eliot’s poem, â€Å"The Waste Land,† considered by most literary reviewers as the quintessential modernist poem, offers a spiritual yet disconnected view of society which mirrored the wasteland produced the spiritual disillusionment felt during the 1920s and the physical hardships associated with the Depression, the rise of Hitler and the threat of another war (Abrams 2137).   Eliot’s poems probe into the psyche of man that could live during any time period.   They leave behind the romantic and the beautiful to deal with the obscure and the dark aspects of humanity. The first four lines of â€Å"Waste Land,† illuminate the ideas of precise images and theme.   The suggestion that â€Å"April is the cruelest month† (â€Å"The Waste Land† ln. 1) runs counter to the idea that spring is a time of renewal and rebirth.   The image of lilacs growing from the arid land and of roots withering from the lack of rain support the initial assertion of the first line.   Throughout this lengthy poem, Eliot twists images from what the reader expects to see into something unexpected and thought-provoking. Likewise, in Yeats’ â€Å"Leda and the Swan,†Ã‚   past history would suggest that this poem might be in praise of a Greek deity, when it actually, through its images, seems to be chronicling a rape.   The first four lines suggest this image rather clearly: A sudden blow: the great wings beating still Above the staggering girl, her thighs caressed By his dark webs, her nape caught in his bill, He holds her helpless breast upon his breast† (lns. 1-4). Similarly, Thomas’ images of a misshapen man in the park are juxtaposed with images of animals.   He â€Å"slept at night in a dog kennel†(ln.11) and was â€Å"eating bread from a newspaper† (ln. 7). None of these images are veiled in the rosy light of Romanticism and present rather sad, violent and pessimistic images of society. In contrast with the chronological narratives of Romantic and Victorian poetry, these poets’ works are essentially nonlinear.   The words are broken and fragmented, and only at the end do these seemingly unrelated bits come together, if at all.   Time and structure in these poems are fragmented.   F.R. Leavis in â€Å"T.S. Eliot’s Later Poetry† discusses this concept of fragmented time in depth as necessary to presenting the realism sought after by these poets. â€Å"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock† clearly reveals this disjointed and chaotic journey through the mind of an everyman.   The poems shifts time periods and locations several times, but remain an imagistic representation of England with its nightlife, discussions of Renaissance art, and references to Shakespeare’s Hamlet. The action takes place entirely within the head of the speaker, who is deliberating about attending a social function.   He ponders as his brain wonders chaotically from one topic to the next. ).   In line 69, the speaker becomes aware of his own ramblings and muses, â€Å"And how should I begin?†Ã‚   Later, he queries, almost nonsensically, as if he, himself, has become the embodiment of the chaos of swiftly moving time: â€Å"I grow old†¦I grow old†¦Ã‚  I shall wear the bottoms of my trousers rolled† (lns. 120-121).   Ã‚  This fragmentation of time seems to lead, as it does in â€Å"The Waste Land† to disastrous results as evidenced by the last line of the poem – â€Å"and we drown† (ln. 130).   The disjointedness of time and thought seems to be representative of a confused state of mind, both in individuals and in society.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Waste Land† begins in arid desolation, both physically and spiritually for its inhabitants.   In the first stanza of Part I, the chronology moves swiftly from the present reflection of the speaker to a childhood memory, back to the reflection, and then to another incident a year in the past.   This style is much like that of an interior monologue, in which the thoughts of the speaker are presented just as they flow, without any organization, to help the reader understand.   Yeats presents a similar confusion in â€Å"The Second Coming.†Ã‚   This poem projects to the return of a god figure, but not with rejoicing.   The society is described by the first four lines as fragmented and chaotic: Turning and turning in the widening gyre The falcon cannot hear the falconer; Things fall apart; the centre cannot hold; Mere anarchy is loosed upon the world† (lns. 1-4). Again, the vision of fragmentation is created by the images presented in the first four lines of this poem. A common theme among the modernist poets is that of the individual alienated from his society, a society that is generally as fragmented and dysfunctional as time.   The grandeur to which Prufrock ascribes his place in the world, as exhibited by â€Å"Dare I dare/Disturb the universe?† (lns. 45-46). Prufrock, with all of his insecurities, ineptitude and physical shortcomings, and the masses of individuals he represents, will never be able to actually disturb the inner machinations of the universe.   Similarly, â€Å"The Waste Land† offers no heroic figure for the readers to identify; the speaker can be anyone, but his demise is certain to occur and certain to happen alone. Likewise, all three of these poems seem to be fascinated with death, not as the ultimate redemption as presented by earlier poets, but as a frightening, even horrible, reality that should be challenged.   Eliot’s â€Å"Love Song† ends with the figurative death of not only Prufrock but of society as a whole.   â€Å"The Waste Land† describes a society that is in a state of apocalypse.   Yeat’s poem, â€Å"The Second Coming† describes, as discussed above, a disjointed society that fear the return of a savior, the new deity: That twenty centuries of stony sleep Were vexed to nightmare by a rocking cradle, And what rough beast, its hour come round at last,  Slouches towards Bethlehem  to be born?† (lns. 18-22). This example parallels Eliot’s â€Å"Journey of the Magi† which adopts the persona of the Biblical magi who describe their journey as not joyful, but full of hardship.   They question their dedication to the birth and actually equate it with death, seemingly contradicting the traditional Christmas story:     Ã‚  The lines  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬ ¦this Birth was  Hard and bitter agony for us, like Death, our death.  We returned to our places, these Kingdoms,  But no longer at ease here, in the old dispensation,  With an alien people clutching their gods. I  should be glad of another death (lns. 38-43). Reveal this questioning that has resulted from the disillusionment and doubt with the classical views of religionl Thomas actually suggests battling with death almost physically in his poem â€Å"Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night.†Ã‚   He continually exhorts those near death to â€Å"Rage, Rage against the dying of the light† in the last line of each stanza.   Instead of accepting death as a reward for a Christian life, these poets present death as a time of fear and uncertainty which could be representative of a spiritual disillusionment. Even theological elements of Christianity and life-after-death are no longer held sacred by the modern poets. While modernism, at least as Yeats, Eliot, and Thomas present it, may be a reflection of many different eras of poetry, it deviates in its themes, symbols and chaotic presentation of time.  Ã‚  Ã‚   The pessimistic themes and perplexing images they create are reflective of the societal and spiritual disillusionment prevalent in this postwar era.   These poets are icons of modernist thought and poetry.   Their complex works reject the focus on beauty and narration that other genres utilize and paint a picture of mankind and society as a spiritually arid and ghastly. Works Cited Abrams, M.H. Ed. The Norton Anthology of English Literature:   The Major Authors.   6th Ed. New York:   Norton, 1996 Eliot, T.S. â€Å"The Journey of the Magi† —.   â€Å"The Love Song of   J. Alfred Prufrock† —.   â€Å"The Waste Land† Jenkins, Lee M. and Alex Davis.   Locations of Literary Modernism: Region and Nation in British and American Modernist Poetry. Cambridge, UK:   Cambridge University Press, 2000.   Leavis, F.R. â€Å"T.S. Eliot’s Later Poetry.†Ã‚   T.S. Eliot:   A Collection of Critical Essays. Hugh Kenner, Ed.   New Jersey:   Prentice Hall, 1962. Thomas, D. â€Å"Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night† — â€Å"The Hunchback in the Park† Yeats, W.B. â€Å"The Second Coming† —. â€Å"Leda and the Swan† How to cite Modernists, Essay examples

Analysis of the Case Oticon Using the Brain Metaphor Essay Sample free essay sample

1. IntroductionThe inexplicit images or metaphors of organisations and direction have been discussed by Gareth Morgan in his book â€Å"Images of Organizations† ( Morgan. 1997 ) . Morgan exposed eight metaphorical images of organisations including machine. being. encephalon. civilization. political system. psychic prison. flux and transmutation. and instrument of domination. Each one of these metaphors creates insight. but besides obscures some corners. They have both pros and cons. They enable seeing. but besides non seeing. No 1 of them is said to be right and right. 2. BackgroundOticon is a Danish company. located in Copenhagen. They used to be one of the best in market for planetary hearing assistance industry. The development and promotion of the other rivals. such as Siemens Audiologische Technik and Starkey. set Oticon in a critical slippery place in the market. particularly the planetary 1. where Oticon export the bulk of its merchandises to. To rectify the state of affairs. the board brought in Lars Kolind. who had great history of science-oriented solutions despite his youngness ( 30 old ages old ) . Kolind analyzed the strengths and failings of Oticon and compared it with the rivals. He found out that no strengths Oticon had to vie with. On the other manus. Kolind found out that the rigidness. inflexibleness and low reactivity the rivals had could be a killing drawback in comparing with Oticon. Therefore. he decided to put a new program to turn the organisation into larning antiphonal organisation. He sought bettering this advantage to capture larger market portion. particularly globally. and derive higher net income borders. In this study. the instance is analyzed utilizing the encephalon metaphor. In other words. it discusses what we could see and reflect when projecting the plane Kolind set and applied on the other rules and attacks of the encephalon metaphor. 3. TheoryBrain metaphor organisation works with the same logic as the encephalon of human being. The top direction in organisations plays the function of encephalon for doing determinations. There are three theories of the encephalon metaphor including information processing systems. cybernetics. and manuscript. The first theory describes organisations as information systems. communicating systems. and determinations doing systems. This this theory is known as â€Å"decision doing approach† ( March A ; Simon. 1958 ) . Cybernetics is relevant to analyze of systems. Cybernetics stresses four key rules. Systems must hold the capacity to sense. proctor and scan important facets of their environment. They must be able to associate this information to the operating norms that guide system behaviour. They must be able to observe important divergences from these norms. Finally. they must be able to originate disciplinary actions when disagreements ( Wiener. 1967 ) . Another theory co nsidered in this study is remembering the image of organisations as holographic encephalons. The metaphor of a hologram invokes systems where qualities of the whole are built into all the parts so that the system has an ability to self-organize and renew itself on uninterrupted footing ( Bentov. 1977 ) . This theory compasses five major rules. ( Morgan A ; Ramirez. 1984 ) . The first rule represents the indispensable 1. which constructing the whole in all the parts is its chief concern. Harmonizing to the rule. concentrating on four key patterns. including corporate civilization. information system. construction and functions. facilitates integrating it. The 2nd rule remainders in the importance of redundancy. particularly in information system and maps ( Emery. 1969. 1976 ) . The 3rd rule could be seen as auxiliary to redundancy. It compasses needed assortment. since the world of environmental challenges imposes puting complexnesss someplace within the organisation to last ( Ashby. 1952. 1960 ) . Minimizing eyeglasses is the 4th rule. where squads are encouraged to acquire free of designs and managerial manuals and bring forth their ain signifiers ( Herbst. 1974 ) . The last considered rule remainders in larning to larn. which involves doubleloop larning manner and scan of environmental alteration ( Argyris A ; Schon. 1978 ) . The five rules could pull concrete guidelines of how to turn into holographic organisation. 4. Analysis4. 1. Oticon as Information Processing Brains ( Decision Making Theory ) As Oticon experienced serious fiscal state of affairs. Kolind reaction was speedy. First. after carry oning a thorough survey of Oticon. Kolind found out many concerns in the organisation construction. There was besides a high degree of non-value adding activities. where R A ; D applied scientists used merely one one-fourth of their clip making existent work. while blowing the other 75 % in something else. Theoretically. the company has integrated merchandise development section. while Kolind realized that they are non integrated at all. To work out this job. based on â€Å"decision doing approach† . Kolind introduced a new manner of believing about the map of organisations. This theory is built on the thought that organisations can neer be absolutely rational. because its members have limited information processing abilities. That was represented by the frequent holds of merchandise development. Undertaking E36 is relevant illustration since it took a decennary without accomplishing promising consequences. The chief ground is that each member from different section. involved in such undertakings. relied on other members for determination devising. To work out this job. Kolind thought that nil could decide this but blowing the company’s construction up and reconstruct it once more with new rules. It rests in acquiring all employees involved in more than one map at the clip. For illustration. beside applied scientists responsibilities in the research filed. they should make selling every bit good. It is clear that. for Kolind. sections would be an obstruction in the development procedure. Therefore. he turned the construction of the company into undertakings alternatively. 4. 2. Oticon as a Learning Organization ( Cybernetics )Projecting cybernetics rules on the instance. Kolind employed the first rule to detect the surrounding environment. by analysing competitors’ potencies. and seeking to happen their strengths and failings. He found out that no strengths Oticon had to vie with. On the other manus. Kolind found out that the rigidness. inflexibleness and low reactivity the rivals had could be a killing drawback in comparing with Oticon. Therefore. he decided to work this advantage by increasing the ability of Oticon to self-organize. develop itself. and adapt outer alterations. Kolind obliged the direction squad to accept the world of the new leading manner bit by bit. When the company lost money in the first three one-fourth due the transmutation. board members brought in Neils Jacobsen. who had a strong fiscal background. to work side-by-side with Kolind for fiscal affairs. That reflects the ability to originate disciplinary actions when dis agreements show up. 4. 3. Oticon as a Holographic OrganizationThe instance reflects some basic facets of holographic organisation that comprises five chief rules. These rules represent besides matching encephalon mechanisms and techniques. The first rule of holographic organisation is constructing the whole in all parts. It is the kernel of holographic organisations. Constructing the whole into all parts could be realized by concentrating on corporate civilization. information system. construction. and functions. The four patterns are projectable on the instance. The corporate civilization harmonizing to the encephalon metaphor should be unfastened and in line with its rules and patterns. That could be opposite to the blue corporate civilization Oticon characterized by before come ining Kolind. The shareholders’ chief concern was recovering Oticon’s place in the marker. but along with continuing its corporate values and civilization. A piece after measuring the existent state of affairs of the company. Kolind found no manner to continue without extremist alterations. The board showed him powerful support for his new proposal. which reflects a gradual alteration in corporate civilization. Kolind would hold neer stepped frontward without such support that kept even the direction off from kicking him. despite their steady reluctance for the new proposal. Furthermore. what could be seen as a important alteration in corporate civilization is the manner Kolind resorted to for financing the new program. He asked the bank to get 17 % of the company. and some of his co-workers to get 3-4 % . He besides offered the employees portions at a good monetary value under standard that they had worked to the company at least one twelvemonth. 20 hours hebdomadally. That reflects a important alteration in corporate civilization from blue manner to public manner. The 2nd pattern is networked intelligence. Kolind conducted computing machine preparations for the employees. He sought minimising usage of paper communicating. and increasing dependence on e-mail and unwritten communicating alternatively. He enhanced employee engagement by offering them their ain computing machines at really lo w monetary values before Christmas. The holographic construction is another relevant concern. It rests in specifying optimal sizes of units or squads in which they afterwards spawn bunchs horizontally alternatively of spread outing vertically. For Oticon. Kolind blew up the departmental construction and reconstruct a new construction. There were 100 undertakings. every undertaking was owned by person on the direction squad. But ownership at that place was like being president of the board. The occupation of undertaking proprietor was to back up and unfastened doors. while the undertaking director ran the show. That reflects the alteration Oticon undertook from compartmentalisation toward a new construction of undertakings. The diverseness of functions assigned to employees is besides a pattern. Kolind gave us a great illustration in how to bring forth such diverseness so that to add advantages without side effects. He suggested spaghetti organisation. where employees are multi-skilled and involved in many different undertakings. executing different functions. That contributed strongly in acquiring free from departmentalization. and improved the flexibleness and learnability of the organisation. Kolind conducted diverse preparations. and reformed the governments of squad direction so that all employees are more free and unfastened to larn and introduce. The 2nd rule of holographic organisation is the redundancy of both information processing and accomplishments. This could be found in the instance implicitly when Kolind asked everybody to happen their tickets on their new desks and computing machines. He asked them to alter their topographic points in instance they do non like them. as there were many extra empty topographic points. Another illustration is when Kolind specified suites with simple equipment for those who need to hold impermanent privateness betweenwhiles. The redundancy of map doctrine was besides built on single profiles. since every employee had been trained to hold a clump of accomplishments that would hold been to the full utilised afterwards. The demand for assortment needed rule is indirect with redundancy. This is really clear in the instance if undert aking E36 is to be focused on. The undertaking had been launched before 1979. It was a BTE. Behind the Ear. expensive to bring forth. but with really powerful advantage. It had been ever looked at as a load. But Kolind found out that this merchandise could be a market victor because of its automatic accommodation characteristic. He gave it much more attending than other undertakings to win the challenge. Furthermore. the board brought in Jacobson to work side-by-side with Kolind when the profitableness endured problems at the beginning. The assortment necessity is hence built on the company every bit needed to react environmental challenges. Minimizing eyeglasses is another holographic rule. Oticon’s new manner of leading reflects a important alteration in the direction function. They monitored the public presentation. but were non straight responsible for it. Therefore. the answerability was horizontally distributed. and project members became much freer for finding their work frames. Generally. the narrative of Oticon reflects the inclination of the company toward larning organisations. The adoptive double-loop acquisition manner allowed the company to accept extremist alteratio ns. such as going a public corporation. Such alterations indicate the sense of doubleloop larning philosophy the company turned to follow. That entire alteration could be presented as patterns. tactics and rules required to turn Oticon into a holographic organisation. 5. CONCLUSIONSOticon had been working as a programmed machine. It has experienced extremist alterations after conveying in Lars Kolind as a CEO. Kolind invoked the theories of the encephalon metaphor to turn Oticon into larning organisation. There are set of rules and attacks associated with the encephalon metaphor. and have been adopted by Oticon to successfully continue toward larning organisation manner. They brought strengths and few restrictions. The strengths remainder in using everybody’s encephalon to face the challenges. The company could place its demands to germinate and larn in comprehensive manner. Kolind identified the demands and pathologies of Oticon. and set the needed schemes and rules to carry through each demand and decide relevant quandary. He has utilized the advantage of new information engineering in behalf of internal communicating. which facilitated smooth flow and accelerated the development and learning procedure. Kolind showed how diffused leading could be more efficient than centralised 1. He undermined the departmental mentality and blueprint-thinking that Oticon used to follow in order that assorted persons and units are able to reflect their work signifiers within unfastened civilizations. On the other manus. the chief concern Kolind experienced is managers’ uninterrupted reluctance to the alteration along the undertaking period. since they would lose much of their control spheres and privileges they enjoyed when the classical ( mechanical ) manner was on. 6. Reference Argyris. C. and Schon. D. A. ( 1996 ) . Organizational Learning II: Theory. Method and Practice. Reading. MA: Addison Wesley. Ashby. W. R. ( 1952 ) . Design for a Brain. New York: John Wiley. Ashby. W. R. ( 1960 ) . An Introduction to Cybernetics. London: Chapman A ; Hall. Bentov. I. ( 1977 ) . Stalking the Wild Pendulum. New York: Dutton. Emery. F. E. ( 1969 ) Systems Thinking. Harmondsworth: Penguin. Emery. F. E. ( 1976 ) . Future We Are In. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff. Herbst. P. G. ( 1974 ) . Socio-technical Design. London: Tavistock. March. J. G. and H. A. Simon. ( 1958 ) . Organizations. New York: John Wiley. Morgan. G. ( 2006 ) . Image of organisation. Schulich School of concern. Toronto. Morgan. G. and Ramirez. R. ( 1984 ) . Action Learning: A Holographic Metaphor for Guiding Social Change. Human Relations. ( 37 ) . p1-28. Wiener. N. ( 1967 ) The human usage of human existences. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

How to Write the First Clinical Interview Report free essay sample

Somewhere, sometime, as a mental health clinician we might conceivably do an evaluation and provide a complete course of treatment, or in our case, a complete document of first clinical interview of a patient. Regardless of where you work or who your patient may be, you will have to communicate your findings to someone. Working in hospitals, university counseling centers, community clinics, or private practices; you will commonly share your reports with psychiatrists, and any other medical personnel. And the reports that you prepared for your first clinical interviews will be one of those shared reports. I. The Aims of Report Writing for the First Clinical Interview According to Cansever (1982), the aim of the psychological assessment report is to present the patient’s personality and to recommend the ways that will help the patient to solve his/her problems. However, in order to draw up a psychological assessment report, a clinical psychologist gathers information from three sources: interviews, observations, and psychological test results. We will write a custom essay sample on How to Write the First Clinical Interview Report or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page For this semester and for this course; however, we only have a very first part of these three sources, namely first clinical interview. Nevertheless, in my opinion, the aim of the clinical psychologist may not be so different while he/she is writing a report of first clinical interview from the one while he/she is reporting the whole psychological assessment procedure. The aim is again to present the â€Å"patient† to others, and also to declare need of further information (from tests etc. ), to declare the treatment plan–if it is decided to begin the treatment, and if it is applicable–, and prognosis; all depending on the information that can be collected during a first session. In addition, I think, simply to keep a record of the first session or to use it as a rich educational resource in academic settings can be some of the purposes while writing a first interview report. II. The Organization of the Written Report (Morrison, 2008) It is highly necessary to organize your findings before writing them. II. a. Identifying Data The identifying data provide the reader with a framework upon which to construct a mental image of the patient whose history you are reporting. In the first lines of the report, you state the basic demographic data, including age, sex, marital status, education, and any other item that seems relevant. In any case, you should note that the patient either is new to your facility or has been seen there before. II. b. The Chief Complaint The chief complaint is the patient’s stated reason for coming to treatment. It is often written as a direct quote, but sometimes you may want to paraphrase or summarize it–especially when it is vague, long-winded, or multifaceted. Moreover, a clinician may cite two chief complaints: one from the patient, and the other from a relative, friend, or other informant. This double reporting is especially useful for patients who are too confused or too uncooperative to respond appropriately when you request the information. In our reports written as a requirement of this course, of course, there will not be a chief complaint section since the individuals who we will be interviewing will not come to the session due to a complaint, rather they will be there to â€Å"help† us. II. c. Informants Briefly state the names of those whom you have obtained your information from, and estimate the reliability of each. Besides the patient, mention relatives, friends, other health care workers, and old charts; that is to say, mention anything or anyone you have used to help visualize the picture of the patient. II. d. History of the Present â€Å"Illness† This section is the most important of the entire report. When you are writing up the history of the present â€Å"illness†, keep in mind several rules. 1. This should be a chronological history. Like all good stories, this one should have a beginning, some development, and an ending. In most cases, it will begin with the onset of the first episode of illness. For example, it may be marked with an opening phrase like this: â€Å"Mr. Jackson was well until age 30, when he suffered the first of several episodes of depression. † In this single economical sentence, note that the reader is alerted to (1) the principal area of clinical interest (mood disorder: depression), (2) the age of onset, (3) the fact that Mr. Jackson’s problem is not a new one, and (4) the patient’s good health during the decade of his adult life prior to the onset of his illness. The additional information should proceed more or less chronologically, ending with the reasons that made your patient to enter the treatment at this time. 2. Support your best diagnosis/diagnostic impression/clinical conceptualization. This means that your writing should form a picture in which history, mental status, and possible diagnosis are mutually supportive portions of a consistent whole. 3. If the story is complicated, try to disentangle it. One way to accomplish this is to leave until later details that don’t support your best â€Å"diagnosis†. This less relevant information can be included later in the personal and social history. You can also present distinct themes as separate paragraphs in your history of the present illness. After describing your patient’s depressive illness, which was actually the cause of his coming to the session, you might continue as follows: â€Å"In addition to his depression, Mr. Jackson has also had a problem with cross-dressing. This began at about the age of 6. † 4. Edit your material so as not to make the readers learn far more than they will need to know. To boil down your material, you can summarize previous treatment in a line or two, categorize hospitalizations, and list symptoms of a typical episode. This saves your reader from multiple repetitions of essentially identical information. As Platt and McMath (1979) have noted, â€Å"The present illness should be an elaboration of these primary data, not a saga of medical care. † 5. Include significant negatives that helped you choose the most likely â€Å"diagnosis† on a differential list. They should be reported in your history of the present illness, along with the important positive answers: â€Å"Although Mr. White said that he felt severely depressed in the week since he lost his job, he denied insomnia, loss of appetite, and lack of interest in sex. † 6. Report your findings in plain language. Your readers may include people who are unaccustomed to the jargon of the mental health field. Short sentences and active verbs will demonstrate the clarity of your thinking. Avoid abbreviations other than commonly used ones. 7. The person is a person, not a case. It is considered bad form to refer to patients as â€Å"this manic† or â€Å"this schizophrenic†. Always strive to refer to your patient as â€Å"this person† or â€Å"this patient/client with schizophrenia†. Such wording helps to preserve the reader’s feeling for the humanity of your patient. II. e. Personal and Social History II. e. 1. Childhood through Adult Life Chronological sequence is again very important in this section. Therefore, begin with birth and early childhood, and proceed through education, military experience (if any), sexuality, marriage, work history, legal history, and religion. You can use either a paragraph or outline style. In this section, strive to present a reasonably complete picture of your patient’s background. Even so, you should generally omit data already covered in the history of the present illness. Edit out the anecdotes and trivial details which patients invariably illustrate their life stories with. You should include important negatives, such as the absence of childhood sexual abuse in a patient you suspect of borderline personality disorder. Also include important past positives, such as previous drug or alcohol abuse, which you have omitted from the history of the present illness because they no longer affect your patient’s life. II. e. 2. Family History It is important/useful to report the family history in a separate paragraph in order to emphasize the biological and environmental effects that families can have on the development of the adult individual. Include the data you have obtained for physical as well as mental disorders. When reporting the mental disorders, be sure to include not just the diagnosis, but also whatever data you have obtained that would substantiate (or refute) that diagnosis. Moreover, if the patient was adopted or if the family history is completely negative, report so and move on. II. e. 3. Medical History Mention any operations, major medical illnesses, current and recent medications, and hospitalizations for reasons not related to mental health. Mention any habits such as the use of tobacco or alcohol. II. e. 4. Review of Systems Mention any positive responses to your questioning about past and present physical problems. If somatization disorder has been a consideration in the differential diagnosis, list the symptoms you detected in that disorder’s specialized review of systems. II. f. Mental Status Examination For many patients, much of the mental status examination will be normal and can therefore be covered briefly. In describing your patient’s mental status, keep in mind which details would be needed to support or refute the â€Å"diagnoses† You should report not only positive information, but also the important negatives. Describe the patient’s general appearance and clothing; contrast apparent age with stated age. Be sure to mention all aspects of affect with their lability and appropriateness. When you are trying to describe abnormalities, don’t use general terms such as â€Å"bizarre† or â€Å"peculiar†. Instead, take the trouble to choose words and phrases that are truly descriptive: Instead of â€Å"The patient’s clothing was strange† say, â€Å"The patient was dressed in a tutu and bodystocking hand-stitched from old flour sacking. † Remember that written mental health records are legal documents. They can be cited by lawyers and requested by patients themselves, so make sure that your tone and wording will withstand scrutiny. Avoid jokes, complaints, and any other comments that should be kept private. If you need to express an opinion that could be considered unpleasant, qualify the statement by admitting that this is your inference: â€Å"Her manner seemed seductive †¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"He appeared to be intoxicated †¦Ã¢â‚¬  Moreover, be sure to mention any abnormalities of association, as well as rate and rhythm of speech. Use examples with direct quotes both to show the flavor of the patient’s speech and to provide a baseline for judging later change. The patient’s content of thought is another aspect you should describe briefly. It will generally mirror what you have already mentioned in the history of the present illness: â€Å"The patient’s content of thought largely concerned his past infidelities and the fact that his wife was about to leave him. He expressed no delusions, hallucinations, obsessions, or phobias. † When your patient has language deficits, state what they are, and also give an example of what you mean. In reporting cognitive abilities, it is not sufficient simply to mention that the patient was â€Å"normal† or â€Å"intact†. You should note that what tests you made (during a first session), the responses given, and how you interpret the responses. In reporting insight and judgment, you will usually have to make an interpretation (such as excellent, good, fair, or poor), but be sure to cite your reasoning. III. Case Formulation In the case formulation, you attempt to synthesize all that has been learned about the patient’s past in order to point the way toward a better future. There are several reasons for preparing a formulation: To focus your thinking about the patient, to summarize the logic behind your â€Å"diagnoses†/decisions, to identify future needs for information and treatment, and to present a brief summary of the patient. While doing a formulation, a number of formats can be used; some of them are so involved that they risk presenting again all the material you have just covered. The method presented here combines the advantages of brevity, completeness, and simplicity. A sample formulation is composed of the sections as follows: Brief Recapitulation, Differential â€Å"Diagnosis†, Best â€Å"Diagnosis†, Contributing Factors, Further Information Needed, Treatment Plan, and Prognosis. The two most important sections of the formulation are the differential diagnosis and the contributing factors. They contain the original thinking you will do in putting together all the material you have collected. III. a. Brief Recapitulation Following some minimal identifying data, state the symptoms and course of the present illness as based on the facts in the history of the present illness and the mental status examination. Draw from all parts of your report (as needed): â€Å"Mrs. Johnson is a 27-year-old married woman with two previous hospitalizations for a psychosis that has been previously called schizophrenia. For 3 weeks she has stayed in her room, fasting and ‘preparing for the end of the world,’ which she says she has caused. Her husband brought her to the hospital when he became concerned about her weight loss. † III. b. Differential â€Å"Diagnosis† Each of the possible diagnoses in your differential listing is presented with the principal arguments for and against it. Consider Axis I and Axis II disorders. III. c. Best â€Å"Diagnosis† State the diagnosis you favor (disorder you suspect), why you have chosen it, and the authority (e. g. , DSM-IV). Note that your best â€Å"diagnosis† may not be the one highest in the hierarchy. For example, a cognitive disorder must always be ruled out first, but it frequently is not the most likely diagnosis. III. d. Contributing Factors Here you describe how the various factors you have identified contributed to the development of your patient’s main problems. Where applicable, mention biological, dynamic, psychological, and social factors. Depending on the material you have identified, this section could be long or short. III. e. Further Information Needed Briefly cover interviews, tests, and records you may need to firm up the â€Å"diagnosis†/decision. III. f. Treatment Plan Outline your recommendations for treatment such as psychological (e. g. , psychotherapy focused on feelings of guilt and grief) and social (e. g. , assistance with financial planning, education of the patient’s family regarding his/her disorder) III. g. Prognosis In order to declare the prognosis, the clinical psychologist asks the question of â€Å"What is likely outcome for this patient? † â€Å"Mrs. Johnson is expected to recover completely. Psychological and social intervention plans may prevent subsequent episodes. † IV. An Outline for the First Clinical Interview Report (Cansever, 1982) In order to present you an outline for the first clinical interview report, I used the relevant sections (i. e. , section regarding the first interview) of psychological assessment report that was outlined in Cansever (1982) (pp. 270-271) and translated them into English. That is to say, I simply changed the title of the report and eliminated the sections regarding the discussions of psychological test results in order to emphasize the difference of first interview report from the report of a whole interview process (See in Appendix A). In the outline of Cansever (1982), there is no section that assesses the risks of suicide and homicide; however, (as applicable) presence of ideation, plan, imminence, and risk levels of both suicide and homicide must be indicated. V. Some Issues to Be Considered in Report Writing If a psychological assessment (e. g. first clinical interview) is not employed under preferred/standard conditions, this should be noted in the report since it affects the symptoms of the patient. It should also be noticed that psychological assessment report cannot be a series of assumptions or vague statements. That is to say, the idiosyncratic aspects/symptoms of the patient and causes of them must be reported confidently (Cansever, 1982). Furthermore, it should be noted that the psychologist must not only understand the person who has been the subject of his/her investigation, but he/she must know the degree of psychological sophistication of the recipient of the report (Stapleford, 1955). However, recent graduates indicated that they had not been taught to provide and explain data in a way understandable to non-psychologists (Harvey, 2006). In this website you can attain some further psychological report writing tips: http://www. msresource. com/psy_rpt. html VI. Common Mistakes Made During Report Writing While writing a report, a clinical psychologist may fall into some errors: Generalizations regarding the patient (comments that are appropriate for anyone, like the ones in horoscopes), exaggerations of symptoms (dramatizations), ignoring the positive aspects/strengths of the patient, failing to notice symptoms that are appropriate to context or culture, reporting unnecessary information about the patient, and simplifying the richness of the patient’s psychological aspects and dimensions of his/her personality (Cansever, 1982). VII. Summary All in all, via this presentation, I have tried to present you how to write a first clinical interview report by explaining the aims of report writing, organization of the written report, case formulation, Cansever’s outline, some issues to be considered, and common mistakes made in report writing. As a conclusion; I may contend that as you see in this picture, even if we have with the same inks with same amounts, we may end up with highly different paintings (i. e. , in our concepts: different assessments/reports). However, I believe that through education and hardworking, it is possible that we will be able to create same or similar paintings/reports. VIII. References Cansever, G. (1982). Klinik psikolojide degerlendirme yontemleri. Istanbul: Bogazici Universitesi. Harvey, V. S. (2006). Variables affecting the clarity of psychological reports. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62(1), 5-18. Morrison, J. (2008). The first interview. (3rd ed. ). New York: Guilford Press. Plath, F. W. , McMath, J. C. (1979). Clinical hypocompetence: The interview. Annals of Internal Medicine, 91, 898-902. Stapleford, E. (1955). Review of writing clinical reports. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 9(1), 59. Appendix A First Clinical Interview Report (Confidential) Name of the Referring Person Date of Issuance Address of the Referring Person Name of the Patient/Interviewee Age of the Patient/Interviewee Date of First Clinical Interview Duration of the First Clinical Interview (First Section) The reason/reasons for the patient to enter the assessment procedure The aim of the assessment (i. e. , the first clinical interview) (Second Section) Description of the general appearance of the patient (e. g. , his/her physical health, clothing, motivation, reactions to be assessed, relationship with the clinical psychologist, cooperation, and salient characteristics of his/her personality) (Third Section) Mentioning the factors that has lead/contributed to the patient’s current complaint (e. g. , birth traumas, developmental disorders, physical illnesses, pathological processes within the family) (Fourth Section) Explaining life conditions that are related to the aim of the assessment (The patients’ and the family members’ educational, vocational, marital, and socio-economic status; the relationships of the patient with his/her family members, friends, and the individuals in school or job; his/her attitudes, values, rules, future expectations; his/her adaptive and non-adaptive behaviors, the positive and negative effects of those behaviors on the patient and his/her family; the factors that increases and decreases the complaints) (Fifth Section) Diagnostic impressions Explaining how positive and negative factors will change the future of the patient (i. e. , â€Å"onkestirim† estimation? ) (Last Section) Recommendations of the clinical psychologist to treat or reduce the symptoms of the patient (e. g. , medical or psychological treatment, educational interventions, etc. ) Sign of the clinical psychologist Note: This report has been written to help the specialist. It is crucial not to give the patient or his/her family overt information regarding its content.

The gap in outcomes between people of different education levels

The gap in outcomes between people of different education levels People with different educational levels have different lifestyles and enjoy different privileges. Higher levels and longer durations of education have many impacts on individual personal skills, life preferences and personal characteristics. For example, In the process of schooling, a person develops critical thinking, good communication skills, high self esteem, awareness and confidence.Advertising We will write a custom article sample on The gap in outcomes between people of different education levels specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Although most these skills are not taught in class, they broaden ones experience and skills hence one can manage his time and resources effectively, and can be in a position to make appropriate decisions in life. Therefore, as individuals-under the same background- go up in the academic ladder, their level of nonpecuniary benefits such as happiness, mental health and social life increase proportionatel y. Consider the case of the competitive employment industry. The employers look for the most trained or qualified persons to assign or award a job. Therefore, the level of schooling affects the chances of being unemployed, type of employment and the position for which an individual is employed, which has a direct impact on personal income. Since the levels of achievements and successes are mainly measured based on financial status, long-term unemployment and low incomes are considered total societal disgrace. Moreover, long-term unemployment and low incomes linked to depression and low self esteem, which in turn affects the mental health of individual. As a result, a college graduate is likely to be employed or have a better job than a college dropout or high school dropout, and hence the graduate is less likely to suffer from depression and poor mental health. Why it is difficult to identify the causal effect of education on outcomes. Quantifying the nonpecuniary benefits derived f rom schooling is very important. However, it is quite difficult to exactly single out or isolate one or two factors in order to establish a causal relationship between schooling and nonpecuniary benefits. Factors such as family background, genetics and perseverance are very beneficial and influential to schooling. For example, two different students with diametric parenting systems or financial backgrounds are subjected to totally different schooling outcomes.Advertising Looking for article on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The two students will undergo different schooling methods and environmental conditions, exposure and associatively. Similarly, twins with different genetic makeup will also have different educational outcomes. In addition, it is true that the levels of incomes increase with the levels of schooling. Higher incomes in turns bring about more nonpecuniary benefits. This present a difficult y in measuring precisely the amount of pecuniary benefits that can be solely tied on schooling. For example, consider a CEO of a multinational corporation. It is hard to tell if his advanced methods of socialization are purely determined by his schooling level or his financial status. Methods that Oreopoulous discussed Schooling is important as it helps an individual to develop both knowledge based skills, and Critical thinking and social skills that enables individuals to be ethical, adjust to new situations and to able to analyze and solve problems. Thus, under the product efficiency model, Schooling provides a suitable environment for individuals to develop multitasking techniques and effective time management skills. However, the ‘allocative efficiency model’ views schooling as a means of equipping individuals with more skills for decision making. Twin and Sibling Studies are adopted to minimize the effects of prior social–economic success and genetic interfe rences that may bias the estimation of nonpecuniary benefits of schooling. The studies show that an extra year of schooling results in more nonpecuniary benefits. In Natural Experiments in Schooling involves alteration of policies that have net effect on cost of education without loss of benefit or value. An additional year of compulsory schooling, tuition, boarding in school, creation of a school in given locality affects both pecuniary and nonpecuniary benefits.Advertising We will write a custom article sample on The gap in outcomes between people of different education levels specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Outside the labor markets approach compares the levels of pecuniary benefits arising from schooling different schooling levels, before and after conditioning income. From this method, one can conclude that the benefits of schooling are reflected proportionally in marriage, parenting techniques, personal health, long-term behav iors, personal preferences, development of trust and the overall quality of life.

Projects, Processes & Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Projects, Processes & Systems - Essay Example In order to make a project a success four important components of a project (time, resources, funds, and most importantly scope) must be managed effectively. Additionally, all these components are inter-connected. Thus, all these must be managed successfully. In addition, all these components must be managed collectively, if the project manager and the project are to be a success. In a project, scope refers to the objectives that need to be achieved and the funds and resources (of time and money) that have been assigned to the project for accomplishing these goals. Additionally, it is extremely vital that any change that takes place into the scope of the project have a similar adjustment in funds and resources. For instance, if the scope of a project covers constructing a three story building of a house with finances of $200,000. In this scenario, the project manager has to do it. On the other hand, if the scope of the project expands to constructing a four story building, the projec t manager must think of a suitable change in estimated resources (money and time). However, if the funds are not estimated according to scope, the experienced project manager will keep away from changing the scope. Thus, dealing with scope change is vital in order to achieve project goals, since these changes scope can considerably affect the estimated expenditure, timetable, risks and quality of the entire endeavor. (Narayan, 2011). Furthermore, a project manager cannot efficiently deal with the project resources (such as time and money) unless they effectively deal with the project scope. Thus, when a project manager has the project scope undoubtedly recognized and linked to the deadline and resources, he/she can start handling the project resources. In addition, these project resources comprise the human resource, tools, and material required to accomplish the project objectives (Reh, 2011). Vision for Success Efficient project management requires utilizing the exact procedures t hrough the right people. A lot of researches have proved this. In this scenario, extremely flourishing